Jaw Bone Cutting Gums

HEURISTIC APPROACH TO TWO SOURCES OF TEXTUAL "The first new chronicle and good government" Un Chien Andalou

INTRODUCTION

Since the sixties Carlos Araníbar wrote that "it is continuing need for tracing influences and priorities [in the chronicles] in such a way that can virtually be drilled into the matter in each chronicle "(p.123), descent chronicles sources in Peru is still one of the urgent tasks to be done. Especially in a period, XVI and XVII century, where, as reported by Araníbar:

"[...] without a [...] excesses total plagiarism as the "loan" is rife in the chronicles. An author may be more or less novel to a point in its domain and transfer running without objections to foreign authors in that it addresses foreign matter. This is usually the most common among Indian writers "(p. 122-123).

For The first new chronicle ... this task has been undertaken by some scholars, whose research has helped connect with sources of various kinds, making a mosaic that expresses the vital intellectual life of his time. In fact, according to its findings, its pages pass two separate passages of the official history the discovery and conquest of Peru, made by soldiers, officials and priests crown, some fragments of the memorials sent to the regional curacas the viceregal court to make restitution of their rights is, a lot of references to missionary and evangelistic treated written by the clerical intelligentsia, and a range of European medieval and Renaissance texts of various kinds (available through the world, the king treated counseling, English history, medicine, biography, rhetoric handbooks, calendars).

These investigations have started from the references given in chapter "Crown pazadas" (Guaman Poma, 1078 [1088]) where is the list of books and authors surveyed by Guaman Poma, and other passages of NCyBG . This article will make a heuristic approach to two sources mentioned in this chapter and some treated by critics, Johann Boemus and Juan Ochoa de la Sal, which, as we shall see, can open new lines of research studies on the work of Guaman Poma .

THE PROBLEM OF THE AUTHOR OF "YNDIARIO"

Among the first source mentioned in NCyBG find the Book of the customs of all nations of the world and Indies, written by Johann Boemus (1485-1535), born in the German city of Aud, Bavaria, canon at the Cathedral of Ulm, Hebrew scholar, traveler and an accomplished humanist. In 1515 he published Liber Heroicus of musicae Laudibus (1515) and in 1520, the Latin edition of the customs Book (1520). In the story, Boemus is considered one of the first modern ethnographers, some influence in the sixteenth century. Some critics even include it among the most famous humanists of his time, like Machiavelli, Copernicus, Thomas More and Francis Bacon (Trabue Hodgen, 1964: p. 31).

Since its first edition America, the Book of the customs ... had many reprints until the early seventeenth century and was translated into French (1547), Italian (1542), English (1556), German (1604), Hebrew (1555), Czech (1579) and English (1554). In the early Latin editions the book is divided into three books, which describes the geography, customs and rituals of the peoples of Africa, Asia and Europe, respectively, granted at the time, accepted as irrefutable truth - that all these people are descended from one of the sons of Noah, who sent them to repopulate the world after finishing the flood. Incorporated in later editions fourth book that dealt with the discovery of Indian origin and customs of the people who make, Canary Islands, Central and South America. In general, summarizes Boemus established by other historians about the origin, geography and human behavior, giving her work an encyclopaedic nature, although not without some interpretations, in addition to the moral tone "of the Christian stamp usually finish a few paragraphs.

Some researchers emphasize the parentage of his book with other ethnographers of the sixteenth century, if Sebastian Muenster, Henry Agrippa and Gerardus Mercator, because, among other things, share a tendency to establish identity features ethnographic descriptions based on psychological, as relating "with prostitutes Swabia, Franconia with thieves and beggars, thieves and slaves Bavaria, Helvecia with bloody and pimps, perjured Saxony, Rhineland with Wolverines "(Harris, 2008: p. 345).

Murra's edition and Adorno, the reference to Boemus and his work is transcribed as follows: "He did the crown of this kingdom of the Indies a doctícimo conbentio called Yndiario Juan Buemo or Bantiotonio" (p. 1078 [ 1088]), stating that it is a chronicle of Peru ("this kingdom") written by John or Johannes Boemus of Aub, German (not "or Bantiotonio" but "Abantiotonio", as in Pease's edition [p. 406]), as revealed in the Latin editions, which reads: "Ioanna Auban Boemo Teutonic "(1520, p.1), where" Auban "refers to the gentile place of birth-Aub," and "Teutonico" of their nationality-German.

Accordingly, we note that in the NCyBG refers to the "Sum and brief list of the Indian" which he included in the English edition of Francisco de Thamara, 1556, when he was dead Boemus and whose authorship is unknown. However, in the first Italian edition, which also includes a treatise on Indian (1558), is mentioned as author Jerome Giglio. Contrast indicates that both treaties are different, negating the possibility that it is a translation, either from English to Italian or vice versa, although bibliographic records of the translation into English and other languages \u200b\u200binto Latin-less-is usually Giglio consign as an author.

What edition of the book concerns the Boemus NCyBG ? If we consider that the name quoted corresponds to the Latin editions, we might assume that at the time of its inclusion had in view this issue. But it turns out that none of these issues appears short treatise on the Indian, being more consistent to think that reviewed the English edition, whose title referred to in short treatise on Indian ("The Book of the customs of all people in the world , and the Indian "), although, as noted, Thamara no slogan or Boemus authorship and the author of" Yndiario. " Presumably also the author of NCyBG knew both the English and the Latin edition, as this would explain how, in the late sixteenth century, was able to review the brief treatise on the Indian edition of Thamara , Correct the omission of authorship through the Latin edition and, in turn, enter the name of Boemus in Latin. The one fact should not be news is the Italian edition. On the other hand, it is also possible that the reference to Boemus no more than a transfer of Indian Catholicos Symbolo , Fray Luis Geronimo de Ore, another source of NCyBG , with which there is a certain parallel to Boemus cite the works. In fact, where I prayed says, "did vn doctifsimo compendium called Indiario, Ioan Boemo, Auban, Teutonico" (p. 37); in NCyBG is said: "He [...] a call doctícimo conbentio Yndiario Juan Buemo or Bantiotonio "(p.1078 [1088]). The latter is accepted, the confusion over the authorship of "Yndiario"-included in the book Boemus-fall on Fray Luis Jerónimo de Ore and also explain, apart from its mention as a source, the lack of textual connections between the NCyBG and Boemus book.

OCHOA DE LA SAL, "primary" sources of POMA GUAMAN

Biographical information on Juan de la Sal (or balance) are scarce. It is known that the priest was a native of Seville. Your date of birth is uncertain, a slogan that must have been born in the mid-sixteenth century. He was Bishop in the town of Bona (Algeria), as well as coadjutor archbishop of Seville and prior perpetual St. John Lateran (Rome). Of his life emphasizes his modest, as reflected in his resignation to take the Bishops of Málaga because "it was not considered suitable or worthy for such an important position, refused with a modesty that won the applause of those who just admired his virtues" (Castro, 1907: p.XXIV), as intellectual and friend of poets such as Juan de Salinas, Francisco Medrano, Francisco de Quevedo and even Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra. He died in Seville, but was buried in Manchester, in the chapel of the novitiate of the Jesuits.

of his intellectual output is preserved: Letters to the Duke of Medina Sidonia (1616), compilation of seven letters dated in Seville (1616), dealing with Father Francisco Mendez, a member saint Seville the cult of the Lighting, who died in the prisons of the Inquisition and the statue was burned at an auto de fe held on October 30, 1616 in Seville's Chronica worked prince and captain Jorge Castrioto (1588) translation from Portuguese into Castilian of a historic treaty on the exploits and battles waged by the Albanian prince against the Turks, and Part of the Carolea (1585), a book that is related to a type of fifteenth-century epic poem called "Carol", dedicated to the enhancement of image of Charles V as part of a propaganda campaign promoted by the imperial crown. In general sought to present a heroic image of Carlos V in such a way that became "a model life and monarchical martial virtues, which could serve as a speculum principis, following the footsteps of other legendary heroes of old" (Vila, 2010). The Book of Salt Ochoa, although in prose, is ascribed to this type of literature. It also fits the "Enchiridion", name that "is usually give some books in a little volume and are much doctrine comprenhenden manual "(RAE, 1791: p. 365), ie a concise reference book providing specific information about a subject or location.

According to these criteria, the Carolea is presented as a historical overview of the life of Charles V, who narrates, in parallel events (wars, political conflicts, discoveries) of the European peoples, Asian and Indian, as bearing some relation to King's life. The time frame of his narrative from 1500 to 1555, announcing a second part, from 1555 to 1585 - which was never published. Although not directly mentioned their sources, it is clear that extracts information from different works, and the Vita dell invittísimo and sacratíssimo imperator Carlo V, Alfonso de Ulloa (1574), which translates fragments and inserted into your Carolea, as an early revelation Antonio Ferrer del Río. With respect to India and, specifically, to the conquest of Peru, it is clear that excerpted passages History of the Discovery and Conquest of Peru (1555), Agustin de Zarate, and History of Peru (1571) , Diego Fernandez, Palencia. Anything strange or objectionable facts in a text that, as a source of information, nature secondary.

According to the editors of NCyBG there is only one direct reference to Ochoa de la Sal, without having been able to detect indirect or conceptual affiliations. However, in our research we could not detect direct affiliation in the chapter on the Conquest and in the Cities. In both chapters, the greater connection with the way Ochoa organizes the chronological sequence of historical events narrated, which is placed on top of each page the year of letters, then, in two columns, the year of the pontificate of certain Pope, the reign of the English monarchs, French, Portuguese and English, as in the following quote: "Year one thousand and five hundred and treyta and three, and in the left column: Papa Clemente.7. Pontificado.11 fu. Emperor Don Carlos.5. Imperio.15 fu. And Reynado.16 fu "(f. 197).

This is the same model that follows the manuscript in several passages, of which cite one as an example (in normal version of the manuscript and italic version of the Carolea):

"Year ueynte thousand five hundred and five, Pope Clement ICLS his pontificate three ENPER Don Carlos five of his enperio ICLS, Don Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro, two general masters in the discovery of this kingdom of Peru, and Hernando de Luque, Maystre school, jumped in this land "(p. 376 [378]) are subsidiaries with:

Year one thousand and five hundred and veynticinco. Pope Clement 7. Of his pontificate 3. Emperor Charles 5. In the Empire 7. And of his kingdom. 8. [...] Hernando de Luque Maeftre efcuela "and [...] (Francisco Pizarro) wanting to jump with people on the ground (f. 151-r).

We have also been established textual affiliations with large sections of the chapter on the Conquest. For example, in the part dealing with the "Arrival of the first viceroy Vlasco Nunez de Vela and the treason of Gonzalo Pizarro," publishers who, Adorno and Murra, considered to be a synthesis of chronic Diego Fernandez, "difficult to understand [...] because they summarize very briefly in much larger narratives" (p. 415 [417]), we see that in reality, which is extracted from the Carolea of \u200b\u200bOchoa, who in turn, had to take the information History of Peru (1571) Fernandez. Because of the scope of this chapter, we will mention only the most representative (in normal NCyBG Quote and italics quoting the Carolea):

"The first of uela uirrey Blasco Nunez, year 1500 and forty- four, Pope Paul three of his pontificate eleven, Carlos ENPER five of his enperio ueynte and says and his kingdom ueynte and ICLS. What sused of uela Blasco Nunez, uirrey, that Don Francisco Tello conpañía auía match for Piru. A Hener dies days [was] a name of God and went to Panama and estubo ueynte days. And he's taking the form oidor that as with the law nueua rreciuían evil conquerors, they auían seru to His Majesty at the Battle of Uaçá de Castro with Don Diego de Almagro, the moso biejo as four judges "(p. 415 [ 417]), the subsidiaries with:

Year one thousand and five hundred and forty-four. Pope Paulo.2. Pontificado.11 fu. Emperor Don Carlos.5. Imperio.26 fu. And Reynado.27 fu. -Title "What happened to Blasco Nuñez Vela in Peru. The Viceroy Blafco Nuñez Vela (who in the company of Don Tello auia Francifco party for Peru) ETFE year came ten days Hener a Name of God: for there country then to Panama, where eftuvo twenty days, in their faith reported oidor of the nueuas agrauio that they received the conquiftadores laws, and that that mageftad auian FERU fu (Figure Lic Caftro Cow in the battle that gave Don Diego de Almagro the mucus, when the made jufticia) [...] to efecufion Dellas embiones Viceroy and four oidor (f. 272-d).

"And the five hundred men gathered uirrey, Maystre canpo Alonso de Toro, and Don Pedro de Portocarrero Captain of people on cauallo and enfantería, Beles of Gueuara Juan Migel "(p. 415 [417]), the subsidiaries with:

[...] Five hundred men, more or less, and named after Field Master to Alonfo of Toro in Puerto Carrero Don Pedro by Captain of the people on cauallo, and infantry to Gamiel Juan Guevara Beles (mp 273-a).

"They set the uirrey; desposeýdo of his office, the lecinciado pricidente Sepeda, [they called] Captain Martin de Robles for precise tolerance signed their names. Quitalle caught five weapons and was numbered with a esleta Lima with his guard lest they kill their relatives of the risk factors. Lesenciado Rehuymiento of Blasco Nunez Juan Aluar uela, uirrey "(p. 415 [417]), the subsidiaries with: [...]

three oidor Cepeda, Alvarez and Tejada, they thought it fueffe the Viceroy Blasco Vela Nuñez prisoner, and fu defpoffeido officio and title, Final Degree by Chairman Cepeda. Then they signed provuifion Real Captain Martin de Robles for the Viceroy prifion. Quissarle order [...] and [...], q'traya weapons vestments EFTE remember wanting to throw in Lima, and published it AFSI, as masefse porq'no Factor relatives of dead, and it was numbered to vna AFSI Ysleta we were back at sea [...]. league vna For this [Juan Álvarez] made a request to Blasco Núñez Vela [in short next to the column of text: license requirement Iuan Aluar Blasco Nuñez Vela] (f. 274-ar).

"The saying of uela Blasco Nunez in Quito was uence in the battle of Gonzalo Pizarro. And, after death, cut his cauesa "(p. 415 [417]), the subsidiaries with:

Viceroy Blasco Nunez Vela, the qual near Quito was defeated in battle Picarro Goncalo, and after his death, cut the headers (f. 275-a).

"Cilua, Diego Senteno were runners from uence, Captain desuaratados Caruajal and were fleeing" (p. 415 [417]) are subsidiaries with:

Diego de Silva and Diego Centeno, were also defeated and routed defpues of Caruajal (f. 275-a).

The same is true elsewhere in the chapter of the Conquest, the part dealing with "The arrival of President Pedro de la Gasca" which the editors consider to be a synthesis of Book VI, Chapter X and XI chronic Agustín de Zárate, we find that, in fact, again Carolea is excerpted from that, in turn, sums of chronic Zárate. As in the previous case, we cite only the most representative (normal appointments NCyBG and the Carolea italics):

Captain rreciuida Caruajal was in the year one thousand five hundred and quareynta and ICLS, Pope Paul catorse three of his pontificate, ENPER Don Carlos and his five enperio nueue and dies and his kingdom treynta, SuSeSo of Peter dotor Waterfall "(p. 420 [422]), it subsidiaries with:

Year one thousand and five hundred and forty and Fiete. Pope Paulo.3. From his pontificado.14. Emperor Charles 5. Of his empire. 17. And of his kingdom. 38. Quad Sufeeffos in Peru was the Doctor of Gazco (f. 346-a).

"This came from Charcas tienpo Caruajal captain with fifteen hundred soldiers, three hundred and four hundred thousand crowns arcabuseros. Was rrecibido in the city of the king with great solemnity. Gonzalo Pizarro rrecibir Sale to all the people Prencipal of the city. Then came the Puerto Uiejo nueua how Uist auía four NAUI, how uiendo land bolbió and moved on. And he said that was a bad sign "(p. 420 [422]), the subsidiaries with:

EFTE time came to Captain Caruajal Charcas one hundred and fifty and three hundred arcabuzeros folded, and more than four hundred thousand efcudos, he was received in the city of folemnidad co'mucha Reyes, Gonzalo Pizarro faliendo to greet all the people leading della: Then came nueua of Puerto Viejo, as faith auia vifto four ships, recognizing the quale auia faith land made long, so take prouifió port or at all (as was his coftubre others) due to poor signal tuuofe (f. 346-r).

"and jumped to Trugillo dotor Caruajal, Cepeda, arcabusero captain Juan de Acosta, Juan Ueles of Gueuara, Juan de la Torre, captain of the pikemen did Hernando enfantería Bachicau, Martin de Robles, Martin Almond. It confirmed in the office of canpo Maystre of all army to one hundred Caruajal Francisco arcabuseros that traýdo nce Pond. A masters of a cauallo, each fifty thousand ducats, to those of enfantería, a ueynte-five thousand. He was raised by standard general Arfel Antonio Altamirano, and rregidor city of Cuzco, with eighty caualleros. And they brought in their uanderas canpañas; dotor Sepeda in uandera put a ymagen of Our Lady, the Doctor Caruajal a ymagen Mr. Sanctiago, Captain Caruajal, the same was numbered auía against uirrey uela Blasco Nunez, Captain Gueuara figoró a CORASON with some hills and a few letters that said "Pizarro," the captain Bachicau a rrebuelta in a pe G, P, Desi "Gonzalo Pizarro, with a crown of king above. The standard weapons rreal rreales enpereales serbia "(p. 420 [422]), the subsidiaries with:

(Gonzalo Pizarro) made a cauallo Captains é Caruajal Dr. Dr. Cepeda, judging him very loyal fairs: Captains named to Iuan of Acofta arcabuzeros, Iuan Vélez de Guevara, Iuan é de la Torre: Captains of infantry pikemen did Hernando de Bachicao, Martin de Robles, Martin Almond, and confirmed in Maeftre officio Country entire army to one hundred Francifco of Caruajal fu arcabuzeros to guard, of which auia traydo of Charcas eftar well in order, ETFE tocaronfe fus Caxas for Effect, echóffe and Vanda: a cauallos Captains each VNO fifty thousand ducats, for hizieffe fifty, to infantry é twenty five thousand: General Ensign raised Eftandarte Councilman Antonio Altamirano Citizen Cuzco with cauallos Hazi you watch: Luefo facaron fus campaigning Vader, and faith of the people did refeña: Dr. Cepeda pufo in vna infignia Fuya by Ymagen of nuesftra Lady: Doctor Carauajal vn Sanctiago: Captain Carauajal the mifma that auia was numbered in the war against the Viceroy Blazco Nuñez Vela: Captain Gueuara ranked seventh VNOs HEART with mote, Dezi Picarro: Captain Bachicao vna. G. Rebuelta in vna.P. Goncalo Dezi Picarro, Corona de Rey é vna up: e AFSI facaron others DIFFERENT mills, so that in folo Eftandarte Real LVEF Imperial Weapons (f. 347-r).

"Captain Lorenso Aldana on behalf of the entire ENPER Enformar the kingdom to be auía uenido with pricidente against them "(p. 421 [423]), the subsidiaries with:

[Gonzalo Pizarro had sent] Captain Lorence Aldana in fu too nobre and the Kingdom of inform the Emperor of all those parts fufcdido, faith auia Prefidéte come with, and came against him in propria fu armed with faith rebelled q (f. 348-a).

Captain NAUI Aldana left the shore. Juan came out of [sic] Acosta, ran a hundred arcabuseros of a cauallo "(p. 421 [423]), the subsidiaries with:

[...] auer falido of Trujillo's naui of Captain Alden, and fobre came the COFTA, for which reason he ordered Captain Acofta Iuan of running those banks with one hundred arcabuzeros to cauallo (f. 348-r).

"Instead of dotor [Carver], Captain Juan de Acosta with two hundred and eighty reached Trugillo Canyon." (P. 421 [423]), the subsidiaries with:

[Pizarro sent] instead of Captain Doctor of Acofta Iuan dozientos and eighty men with the Barraca de Truxillo (f. 349-a).

These affiliations, in many cases verbatim, present a situation so far not considered in the investigation of manuscript sources: the use of secondary literature narrate events of historical significance, such as the Conquest. It also requires a reassessment of its relationship to early contemporary sources, where Agustín de Zárate and Diego Fernandez, who, as shown, does not read directly, but through the summaries of Ochoa de la Sal, encyclopaedic book This is partly the history of India and was written to extol the figure Carlos V.

CONCLUSION In light of our findings we believe it is necessary to investigate further heuristics NCyBG therefore can allow us to illuminate some of their areas darker. For example, the intellectual profile of the author, who, according to the affiliations and textual units as mentioned above, is close to that of a clergyman, whether regular or secular. Indeed, if we consider the dependence of one source over another, we note that eleven written sources declared in the "Chronicles pazadas (Boemus, Fernandez de Oviedo, Zarate, Fernandez, Cabello de Balboa, Acosta, Conciliar Documents, Geronimo de Ore, Murua, Ochoa de la Sal, Santo Tomás), the list can be reduced to six authors (Jerome de Ore, Ochoa de la Sal, Acosta, Hair Valboa, Murua and St. Thomas), because references to Fernández de Oviedo and Boemus in the manuscript may have been taken from the book of Geronimo de Ore, the same way that chronic Zárate Fernández Ochoa treaty of Salt This new listing see that almost all belonged to regular clergy (Jesuit, Dominican, Mercy and Franciscan), except Valboa Hair, which was secular. In addition, these priests were almost contemporaries (except St. Thomas), the majority lived in Peru (less Ochoa de la Sal) and was of English origin (Geronimo de Ore was only Creole, he was born in Peru). Of these authors, which is closest to the NCyBG is Jerónimo de Ore, he shares with his self-named author (Guaman Poma)-according to his biographers, age, place of origin, Guamanga-spirit deeply religious Catholics and devotees of the Virgin Mary, and social and political networks in the native groups.

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